The mineral resources of Serbia were formed by complex processes of metallogenic development and in various geological epochs (Pre-Baikalian to Alpine). Their overview in this paper is supported by the simplified Metallogenic map of Serbia showing virtually selected mineral deposits, as well as by maps of the most important fossil fuel resources. The most important group of metallic mineral resources of Serbia includes Cu, Pb-Zn, Au, Ag, Sn, Mn, U, Mo, Ti, W, Co, Sb and Fe ores. The important group of industrial mineral resources include: bentonite, boron minerals, refractory clay, gypsum and anhydrite, diatomite, dolomite, zeolite, kaoline, quartz sand, cement marl, ceramic clay, limestone, magnesite, phosphates, chrysotile-asbestos, building industry granulates (natural and crushed) and decorative stone. Serbia also has significant resources of fossil fuels, particularly coal and oil shale. The soft brown coal (lignite) is of great economic importance since it represents the main source for the production of electric energy. The remaining petroleum potential of the Pannonian Basin in Serbia indicates that modern exploration may result in the discovery of significant additional reserves of oil and gas. Production of shale-oil also has great potential, but it depends on future detailed valorization of various factors.